The Culture of Basseri Tribes of Iran Research Paper

The Culture of Basseri Tribes of Iran - Research Paper Example Culture plays a very important role in shaping behavior and attitudes and it is particularly true in spirituality and religion. It is believed that how a makes its living and the modes of subsistence has a strong impact on the culture. This paper aims at studying the culture of Basseri of Iran. Different modes of subsistence and its impact on the culture will be discussed. The Basseri culture and its various aspects of modes of subsistence such as Foragers, Horticulturist, Pastoralist, Emerging Agriculturist, Agrarian states or industrialist will also be discussed. Culture is a very vast field which is depicted in all strata’s of life that is beyond the scope of this paper. This paper will be restricted to only three aspects of culture namely social organization, kinship, beliefs and values. Basseri of Iran Basseri of Iran is the nomadic Muslim tribe that is mainly defined as a political group rather than geographical or ethnic criteria. The Basseri’s though mostly are geographically bounded and they inhabit the province of Fars and have migrated near the town of Shiraz along the mountain. This traditional Basseri culture still exists in Iran although there are new recent data available on them such as the size of the population. Language is a strong component of any culture. The language of Basseri is a dialect of Farsi called the Basseri dialect. Most of the members of the Basseri tribe can only speak Basseri dialect but a few also has command over Turkish and Arabic dialect. Basseri is a very old tribe of the area hence most of the population in southern Iran has ancestral link with Basseri. The east of Iran, Semnan, is inhabited by other nomadic groups such as Yazd-e-Khast, the Bugard-Basseri, and Basseri. However it is believed that all of them have rooted from the traditional Basseri of Fars. The political history of Basseri started in the mid-nineteenth century when Khamesh confederacy was formed. Basseri was part of it. The importance and influence of Basseri tribe grew with passage of time and they became an important political and social unit and hence diminished the power and authority of the confederacy. The habitat of the Basseri is hot and acrid climate of the Persian Gulf. They traditionally inhabit a large ecological range of 18,000 to 21,000 square kilometers. In the southern section there is a desert of about 600-900 kilometers whereas north has high mountains. Mountain precipitation supports reasonable vegetation and even foresting (Khanam, 2005). Modes of Subsistence Different modes of subsistence has evolved as societies and human civilizations evolved. This evolution process has been more or less the same throughout the world. The reason is that these modes of subsistence are derived from the needs and how these needs have been satisfied defines the progression of modes of subsistence. These modes of subsistence have a strong role to play in the definition of social structure, culture, values, beliefs a nd customs. Based on this concept many theories have been proposed for the progress and social change (Marko, 2008, issue 39). One such theory is proposed by Smith. According to him based on modes of subsistence and its impact on social institution and human activity, societies can be divided into four categories. Smith’s four stages of human civilization are age of hunters, age of Sheppard,

Integration of WIMAX to Broadband Networks Dissertation

Integration of WIMAX to Broadband Networks - Dissertation Example The degradation of transmitted radio signal due to interference from the external source of radio frequency energy diminishes the strength and quality of signal. This makes it difficult for the RF receiver to clearly distinguish the radio signal from background energy. The direct spectrum overlapping due to unidentified internal or external source is the root cause of this problem. The Orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) helps to sub channelize and support adaptive modulation allowing the data rates and link quality to be balanced dynamically. This is essential to remove interference as per design layout of IEEE 802-16d (2004) standards. Ensuring proper site survey and round –the-clock access of the structure and the base station helps greatly to reduce the signal interference. Providing closer connectivity points such as towers and access points, and enhancing use of multiple connectivity choices, to make available to user, the best radio frequency, improves Quality of Service (QoS) immensely.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The IEEE 802-16e (2005) standards advocate use of SOFDMA technology that is suitable for using advanced and intelligent antennas to support coverage, facilitate self installation, reduce power consumption, enable frequency re-use, promote power consumption, promote band width efficiency   and provide full mobility support. The WIMAX certification allows complete interoperability with other certified products as long as they fit in same profile.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The hand off system in the WIMAX technology helps to provide continuity.